Sunday, January 31, 2016

Serikali yatoa taarifa kuhusu ugonjwa wa homa ya Zika.

 1. Utangulizi
Kumekuwepo na taarifa kupitia vyombo mbalimbali vya habari vya Kitaifa na Kimataifa kuhusu Homa ya Zika ambao ni ugonjwa unaosababishwa na kirusi kijulikanacho kama “Zika Virus”. 
Ugonjwa huu uligundulika kwa mara ya kwanza nchini Uganda katika miaka ya 1947 kwenye wanyama aina ya sokwe/nyani (rhesus macaque) ndani ya Misitu ya Zika, karibu na Ziwa Victoria.
Mnamo mwaka 1952, ugonjwa wa zika uligundulika kwa binadamu nchini Uganda na Tanzania, na mwaka 1968 uligunduliwa nchini Nigeria. 
Kuanzia mwaka 1951 hadi 1981, ugonjwa huu umeshatolewa taarifa katika nchi takribani sita (6) za Afrika ambazo ni Afrika ya Kati, Egypt, Gabon, Sierra Leone, Tanzania na Uganda. 
Vile vile, ugonjwa huu umeshatolewa taarifa katika nchi za India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipine, Thailand na Vietnam na pia nchi za Amerika na Pacific.

Kuanzia mwezi Mei 2015, ugonjwa huu ulianza kutolewa taarifa ambapo hadi sasa umeathiri zaidi Bara la Amerika ya Kusini. Kuna takribani nchi 22 ambapo Wagonjwa wamethibitishwa kimaabara kuwa na ugonjwa wa Zika. Nchi hizo ni Brazil (Majimbo 14 yameathirika),  Colombia, Suriname, El Salvador, Guatemala, Paraguay, Mexico, Venezuela, Panama, Cape Verde, Honduras, Panama, France (French Guiana na Martinique, United States of America (Puerto Rico), Guyana, Barbados, Ecuador, Bolivia, Haiti, Ujerumani, France (Saint Martin and Guadeloupe na Dominican Republic.

Ugonjwa huu unaenezwa na mbu aina ya Aedes ambaye (huwa ana tabia ya kuuma asubuhi na pia nyakati za mchana/jioni). Aina hii ya kirusi ipo katika familia ya “Flavirus” ambapo pia wapo virusi vya ugonjwa wa Dengue, Homa ya Manjano (Yellow Fever), Japanese ancephalitis na West Nile Virus.

Kirusi cha homa ya Zika kama kile cha Dengue kinaambukizwa kutoka mtu mmoja hadi mwingine kwa kuumwa na mbu wa jamii ya Aedes hasa Aedes aegypti. Mbu huyu anaishi katika mazingira ya makazi ya binadamu, huuma wakati wa mchana ndani ya nyumba au kwenye maeneo yenye viwili, hususani majira ya asubuhi na jioni kabla ya jua halijazama.  
Mbu huyu anazaliana katika maji yaliyotuama hasa kwenye vyombo vya nyumbani, makinga maji ya paa za nyumba, matairi ya gari, ndoo, makopo nk.

2. Dalili za Homa ya Zika
Dalili za ugonjwa huu zinafanana na za homa ya Dengue, ambazo ni homa, kuumwa na kichwa, maumivu ya viungo, macho kuwa mekundu na vile vile kupata vipele vidogo vidogo kama harara (Skin rashes). 
Dalili hizi huanza kujitokeza kuanzia kati siku ya 2 hadi 7 tangu mtu alipoambukizwa kirusi cha homa ya Zika.

Uko uwezekano, ambao haujathibitishwa rasmi, kwamba wakati mwingine wagonjwa wanaweza kupata matatizo katika ubongo (Neurological Complications) na miguu kupooza (Gullein Barre Syndrome), na wajawazito huweza kujifungua watoto wenye ulemavu wa kichwa yaani kichwa kuwa kidogo kulingana na umri wa mtoto (microcephaly).

Kwa wakati mwingine dalili za ugonjwa huu zinaweza kufanana sana na dalili za malaria. Hivyo basi, natoa rai kwa wananchi kuwa, wakati wanapojisikia homa au wamepata homa wahakikishe wanapima ili kugundua kama wana vimelea vya malaria au la, kwa kuwa dalili za ugonjwa wa Zika zinaweza kufanana sana na dalili za malaria.

Homa ya Zika inaweza kutibika kama mgonjwa atapelekwa hospitali mapema na kupatiwa matibabu ya haraka. Hakuna dawa maalum ya ugonjwa huu wala chanjo bali mgonjwa anatibiwa kutokana na dalili zitakazoambatana na ugonjwa huu kama vile homa, kupungukiwa maji na damu.

Mara tu baada ya kuwepo kwa taarifa juu ya ugonjwa huu, Serikali kupitia Wizara ya Afya imefanya ufuatiliaji wa ugonjwa huu katika vituo vya kutolea huduma za afya nchini pamoja na mipakani kupitia mfumo wa ufuatiliaji wa magonjwa (surveillance system ya Wizara).

Tumejiridhisha kuwa ugonjwa wa homa ya Zika kwa sasa haujaingia nchini kwetu. Hivyo, Wananchi wasiwe na hofu ila waendelee kuchukua tahadhari dhidi ya ugonjwa huu pamoja na magonjwa ya Dengue na Malaria kwa ujumla ikiwa ni pamoja na kuzingatia yafuatayo:-

(i)  Kuangamiza mazalio ya mbu kwa:
kufukia madimbwi ya maji yaliyotuama au kunyunyizia viuatilifu vya kuua viluwiluwi vya mbu kwenye madimbwi hayo.
kuondoa vitu vyote vinavyoweza kuweka mazalio ya mbu kama vile; vifuu vya nazi, makopo, magurudumu ya magari yaliyotupwa hovyo, nk. 
 
kufyeka vichaka vilivyo karibu na makazi ya watu.
Kuhakikisha kuwa maua yanayopandwa kwenye makopo au ndoo hayaruhusu maji kutuama.
 Kufunika mashimo ya maji taka kwa mfuniko imara.
kusafisha gata za paa la nyumba ili kutoruhusu maji kutuama.

(ii)  Kujikinga na kuumwa na mbu kwa;-
Kutumia viuatilifu vya kufukuza mbu “mosquito repellants”
Kuvaa nguo ndefu ili kujikinga na kuumwa na mbu.
Kutumia vyandarua vilivyosindikwa viuatilifu (kwa wale wanaolala majira ya mchana hasa watoto).
kuweka nyavu kwenye madirisha na milango ya nyumba za kuishi.

4. Hatua zinazoendelea kuchukuliwa na Wizara ni pamoja na:-
1.Tanzania ikiwa ni nchi mwanachama wa Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) inaendelea kuwasiliana na kushirikiana kwa karibu na Shirika la afya Duniani – Ofisi ya Tanzania kwa lengo la kupata Taarifa na maelezo zaidi ya kukabiliana na ugonjwa huu. Kamati ya Dharura ya Miongozo ya Kimataifa ya Afya  ya WHO yaani “International Health Regulations Emergency Committee” itakutana siku ya Jumatatu ya tarehe 1/2/2016, mjini Geneva,Uswisi ili kufanya tathmini ya ugonjwa huo na kutoa tamko na maelekezo zaidi ya namna ya kudhibiti Ugonjwa huu kwa nchi wanachama.

Baada ya tamko/Mwongozo huo wa WHO, Wizara ya Afya itaandaa Taarifa ya tahadhari ya ugonjwa huu kwa ajili ya kusambazwa kwa Waganga Wakuu wote wa Mikoa na Wilaya Tanzania Bara. Aidha, taarifa hii itajumuisha namna mgonjwa anavyoweza kutambuliwa (ainisho la Ugonjwa), “Ukweli Kuhusu Ugonjwa” (Fact Sheet), Mwongozo kwa watumishi wa afya wa namna ya kuchukua sampuli. Vipeperushi vinavyoelezea jinsi ya kujikinga na maambukizi ya ugonjwa huu vitatolewa.

2. Wizara itaanza kutoa elimu kwa wananchi kupitia Radio na Runinga kuhusu ugonjwa huu sambamba pia na ugonjwa wa Dengue ambao uambukizi wake unasababishwa na Mbu aina ya Aedes.

3. Kuendelea kutoa vyandarua vyenye uatilifu katika Mkoa yote Tanzania ili kufikia lengo la asilimia 95.

4. Kuimarisha ufuatiliaji wa ugonjwa huu katika vituo vya kutolea huduma za afya pamoja na mipakani kupitia mfumo wa surveillance ya Wizara. Aidha, Wizara inatoa maelekezo kwa Waganga Wakuu wa Mikoa na Wilaya hapa nchini kutoa taarifa za watoto watakaozaliwa wakiwa na ulemavu wowote wa kichwa ikiwemo “microcephaly” au “anencephaly”.

5.Kufuatilia kwa karibu ongezeko la wagonjwa wenye homa isiyokuwa ya malaria kwa Mikoa na Wilaya zote nchini ili kuweza kufanya uchunguzi wa kina iwapo kuna ugonjwa huu.

6. Kuimarisha uwezo wa kutambua ugonjwa huu kwa kina kupitia maabara ya Taifa iliyopo katika Taasisi ya uchunguzi wa Magonjwa ya Binadamu (NIMR). Wizara itashirikiana na wadau mbalimbali wakiwemo Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) na Kituo cha Kudhibiti Magonjwa (Centre for Disease Control (CDC) katika kuhakikisha kuwa vitendanishi vya kutambua ugonjwa huu vinapatikana.

7. Kushirikisha program ya Malaria na NIMR katika kudhibiti mbu kwa kupulizia na kunyunyizia  viuatilifu. Hii inalenga  kuangamiza mbu wapevu na viluwiluwi.

5. Hitimisho
Ugonjwa wa Homa ya Zika bado haujaingia Tanzania. Wananchi waondoe hofu juu ya uwepo wa ugonjwa huu. Hata hivyo, ni muhimu kwa kila mmoja wetu kuendelea kuchukua tahadhari dhidi ya magonjwa ya Zika, Dengue na malaria ambayo huenezwa kwa namna inayofanana.

Aidha, mvua hizi kubwa zinazoendelea kunyesha hapa nchini zinaweza kuchangia kuongezeka kwa mazalio ya mbu. Hivyo, utupaji, uzoaji na uhifadhi wa taka katika vijiji na miji yetu ni lazima uimarishwe katika kuhakikisha mazingira yetu yanakuwa salama kwani bila ya kuzingatia hayo, tunatoa fursa kwa mazalio ya mbu kuongezeka na hata kuwa karibu zaidi ya makazi ya binadamu.

Wizara ya Afya itaendelea kutoa taarifa za mara kwa mara kwa wananchi ili waweze kuelewa kuhusu ugonjwa huu na kuchukua hatua stahiki.

Imetolewa na:-
Wizara ya Afya, Maendeleo ya Jamii, Jinsia, Wazee na Watoto
31/1/2016

Zaidi ya watu 250 wanapata ulemavu kila mwaka nchini kutokana na kuugua ugonjwa wa Ukoma.



Zaidi ya watu 250 wanapata ulemavu wa kudumu kila mwaka nchini kutokana na kuugua ugonjwa wa ukoma hali inayochangiwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na waathirika kutengwa na kunyanyapaliwa na jamii licha ya maradhi hayo kutibika endapo mtu atakayegundulika kuwa nayo atawahi kupata matibabu mapema.
Hayo yamebainishwa na waziri wa afya maendeleo ya jamii jinsia watoto na wazee Ummy Mwalimu wakati akitoa tamko la wizara kuhusu maadhimisho ya siku ya ukoma duniani ambapo amesema kwa mujibu wa takwimu zilizotolewa mwaka 2014 jumla ya watu 2134 nchini waligundulika kuwa na maradhi hayo huku 271 kati yao ambao ni sawa na asilimia 13 wakipata ulemavu wa kudumu kutokana na kukatika kwa baadhi ya viungo vyao.
 
Beatrice Mutayoba ni meneja wa mpango wa kudhibiti kifua kikuu na ukoma kutoka wizarani ambapo anasema ugonjwa wa ukoma bado upo kwenye halmashauri 17 nchini mbili kati ya hizo zikiwa Tanzania Zanzibar huku mikoa ya Lindi na Mtwara ikiongoza na historia inaonyesha tangu kugundulika kwa maradhi ni maeneo hayo tu ndio yamekuwa yakiripotiwa kuwepo kwa maambukizi ya juu bila kuwepo kwa sababu za kitaalamu.
 
Kwa upande wake Dk Deus Kamara mratibu wa kudhibiti ukoma na kifua kikuu akizungumzia kuwepo kwa makambi ya wagonjwa wa ukoma ambayo yanadaiwa kutelekezwa na serikali amesema tayari makambi hayo yalishafungwa zaidi ya miaka 10 iliyopita lakini watu waliokuwa wakiishi kwenye makambi hayo wameendelea kuishi kutokana na jamii kuwatenga hivyo hawana mahala pa kwenda.
 
Tanzania ni miongoni mwa nchi 17 duniani ambazo bado zina maambukizi ya ugonjwa wa ukoma ambao waathirika wake wanashindwa kushiriki katika shughuli mbalimbali ikiwemo za kiuchumi na kusababisha hasara kwa familia na taifa kwa ujumla.
 

TULE VYAKULA HIVI ILI TULINDE MIILI YETU.

Related imageTOMATOES



Related image





tomatoes

(Human Immunodeficiency Virus, AIDS)

HIV/AIDS


In this factsheet:

The Facts on HIV/AIDS

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) was first recognized in North America in the early 1980s. It is caused by a virus known as HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). HIV infection has become a worldwide epidemic. As of 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated there were 35 million people currently infected with the virus.
HIV is more common among certain populations at risk, such as people who inject illicit drugs, and bisexual and gay men. HIV infections are also increasing among women, Aboriginal peoples, and African and Caribbean communities.

Causes of HIV/AIDS

The virus can be found in the blood, semen, vaginal fluid, and breast milk of infected people. HIV is also found in saliva, sweat, and tears, though not in high enough amounts to transmit the virus to another person. There are no known cases of anyone catching HIV through sneezing, shaking hands, or from toilet seats or mosquito bites.
The two most common ways to be infected with HIV in North America are through unprotected sex and sharing needles. HIV may be transmitted through unprotected heterosexual or homosexual, vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Although the risk of infection is lower with oral sex, it is still important to use protection during oral sex, such as a dental dam (a piece of latex to cover the vagina during oral sex) or a condom. HIV can also be passed on through perinatal infection, where mothers who have HIV are at risk of giving the disease to the baby during birth. The risk of perinatal infection is declining with new treatments. Breast-feeding by an infected mother can also transmit HIV.
Once HIV enters the bloodstream, it takes over cells vital to the immune response, known as CD4+ lymphocytes. The virus then inserts its own genes into the cell, turning it into a miniature factory that produces more copies of the virus. Slowly, the amount of virus in the blood goes up and the number of healthy CD4+ cells goes down. The destruction of CD4+ cells interferes with the body's ability to fight off infections and other diseases.




Symptoms and Complications of HIV/AIDS

Symptoms of HIV infection appear 2 to 12 weeks after exposure. At this point the virus begins rapidly taking over immune cells in the blood. The symptoms of this phase are flu-like and include:
  • diarrhea
  • fatigue or weakness
  • fever
  • headache
  • joint pain
  • night sweats
  • rash
  • swollen glands
  • weight loss
  • yeast infections (of the mouth or vagina) that last a long time or occur frequently
When the symptoms begin to appear, the person with HIV is very infectious. The symptoms usually go away within a week to a month, and the person will feel fine again. However, the symptoms may return from time to time. The symptoms of HIV are similar to symptoms of other diseases. The only way to know for sure whether you are HIV-positive is to be tested. After infection with HIV, it can take 3 months for antibodies to the virus to be detectable in the blood. On average, it takes about 22 days to develop antibodies. This is called seroconversion. After seroconversion occurs, the virus can be detected using a blood test.
After the initial symptoms go away, the body's immune system tries to control the virus. The immune system can keep the virus at bay for a while, but it can't completely get rid of it. Many people will feel fine for years before their immune system weakens and they develop AIDS. Without treatment, about half of HIV-positive people develop AIDS within 10 years of infection. Some people develop AIDS within a few years of infection. A few, called long-term non-progressors, do not develop AIDS until much later. Many factors affect the timeframe to develop AIDS, including medications and the person's general health and lifestyle.
AIDS is a term applied to advanced HIV disease. AIDS is defined as having HIV and an opportunistic infection (an infection by a microorganism that ordinarily does not cause disease unless the immune system is weakened) normally associated with AIDS. These infections can be bacterial, fungal, viral, or parasitic. Examples of opportunistic infections include toxoplasmosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, cryptococcal meningitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), cryptosporidium, cytomegalovirus, and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). With the use of better medications to treat HIV, the risk of opportunistic infections has dropped over the years; however, people with AIDS will usually need to take medications (such as antibiotics) to prevent opportunistic infections.
People who have AIDS are also more likely to develop cancer, especially cancers of the immune system (lymphomas). Another cancer common for people with AIDS is Kaposi's sarcoma, a type of cancer that causes bluish red nodules on the legs and that spreads to the lymph system. Women with AIDS are prone to developing cancers of the cervix. Gay men with HIV have higher rates of infection by HPV, a virus linked to anal cancer, and precancerous HPV strains.
Children with AIDS tend to get common childhood infections like conjunctivitis, otitis media, and tonsillitis, but they experience symptoms much worse than the infection usually causes.
Excessive weight loss or "wasting syndrome" is a problem for approximately 20% of people who have HIV infection. It is associated with an unexplained loss of 10% or more of normal body weight, plus chronic diarrhea (30 days or more) or chronic weakness with fever (30 days or more).
Most people with AIDS die from the diseases that AIDS makes them more susceptible to. The virus occasionally infects the brain, causing dementia that gets worse over time.